The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essays -

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate The Functions and History of the Roman Senate In the present current world agent government is the standard. Almost all administrations are controlled by their residents by means of a republic or some other kind of overseeing body. Be that as it may, in the antiquated world, this standard of popularity based government had not yet grabbed hold; political control despite everything had a place with the couple of tip top, rich, and amazing people and persuasive families. In this manner, we have a differentiation between administrations of the antiquated world and our advanced governments. As such, the past by and large means government, domain, or total control. While present day government for the most part suggests republic, casting a ballot, or just control. In any case, an investigation of Roman government uncovers that it doesn't actually fit absolutely into either shape of government. It was a blend of numerous components, equitable, monarchial, and refined. The reason for this report will be to give a general diagram of the structure, force, and capacity of one segment of the Roman government-that is, the Roman Senate. Additionally, this paper will serve to give a chronicled setting to the Senate, including both the causes and end of this administrative body and will talk about the issues of class strife as it identified with the Senate's capacity and ward. There were three fundamental parts of the Roman Republic. The first speaks to the monarchial component getting by from when Rome had a ruler (this will be examined in more noteworthy length and detail beneath). Two judges or diplomats had extreme common and military position. The two emissaries held their office for one year (they were chosen by Roman residents) and afterward after their term had terminated, entered the Senate forever. Every diplomat could veto the activities of the other, subsequently filling in as a check for one individual picking up an excess of political force and accordingly forestalled (at any rate briefly) the Republic from being sabotaged by a possible tyrant. Their essential obligations included driving the military, filling in as judges, and having formal strict obligations. The following administrative foundation, which spoke to the law based component of the Roman Republic, are the Assemblies. These Assemblies were hypothetically comprised of all grown-up male Romans (the main exemption is that they must be available at the gatherings). Their essential capacities were the yearly appointment of delegates, affirming or dismissing laws, and choosing issues of war and harmony. One extraordinary blemish of this body was that the wealthier residents casted a ballot first and along these lines affected how the remainder of the Assembly casted a ballot. At long last, we go to the focal point of this report, is, the Roman Senate. The Senate spoke to the highborn and elitist component of Roman government and was an assortment of aristocrat residents (the aristocrat/ordinary clash will be portrayed in more profundity later) who filled in as the administrative part of the legislature just as a warning body. In the start of the Republic, the Senate contained 300 individuals, the individuals themselves were looked over the aristocrat class, ex-representatives, and different officials who served forever. When that Julius Caesar picked up power, the Senates enrollment had expanded to almost 800 individuals. In spite of having a generally warning job, by the third Century BC the Senate had the option to expand its impact and force. A portion of the forces that it picked up were that it arranged enactment to be put before the Assembly, it managed accounts, managed for remote undertakings, and regulated the official state religions. Notwithstanding, in spite of its expansion in power, the Senate didn't have the ability to make laws, by just issue orders known as Decreta or Senatus Consulta, which essentially filled in as authentic proposals and keeping in mind that they conveyed some weight, they despite everything had no real authoritative and lawful position. Another intriguing part of the Roman Senate was that Senators got no compensation for their administrations as government authorities. During the republic, the most significant movement for the little gathering of aristocrat families that controlled the Senate was simply the quest for political force, their family, and companions. A congressperson was relied upon to welcome everybody heartily and by name, and was really helped by a slave called a nomenclator whose obligation it was to retain names and help distinguish individuals. Gatherings of

Resource Allocation Essay Example for Free

Asset Allocation Essay Undertaking the executives is the order of characterizing and accomplishing targets while advancing the utilization of assets: time, cash, individuals, materials, vitality, space, and so forth , through the span of a venture. The most significant assets that venture directors need to design and oversee on everyday premise are individuals, materials, hardware and working capital. Clearly, on the off chance that these assets are accessible in plenitude, at that point the venture could be quickened to accomplish shorter undertaking term. Then again, [Avoid utilizing conversational language, slang or language in formal composition (14)] on the off chance that these assets are seriously constrained, at that point the outcome more than likely will be a deferral in the undertaking consummation time. Contingent upon the sort of assets, the expenses of giving a wealth of such assets to quicken venture culmination time can be exceptionally high. In any case, if assets are promptly accessible and abundance premiums are not brought about to utilize them on the task, at that point venture cost ought to be low, as some undertaking costs are asset related while others are probably going to be time subordinate. In looking for proficient administrations for the plan and development of our carport with living quarters, the supervisory crew has been gone up against with an expansive assortment of decisions. The administrations requested depend on previous history and amazing referrals. The Ransom family has chosen the accompanying people for the authoritative structure of the carport venture, all colleague capacities, duties, capabilities, and abilities are characterized, just as where every part fits into this structure. [Comma graft and additionally run-on sentence. Modify as two sentences, or separate with a semicolon. (32)] The Ransom’s are certain that this gathering of people will frame a durable group to finish the undertaking inside degree, spending plan and time. Payment Family James Sampson is a low-level director who will work as undertaking chief. As PM he has been given the authority by the top managerial staff to determine any asset allotment gives that may emerge. James reports legitimately to the governing body. His capabilities are more than 20 years of involvement with the regions of mechanical designing, materials and tasks the executives. His scholarly accreditations incorporate a bachelor’s certificate in mechanical designing and a MBA represent considerable authority in quantitative business examination and business measurements. James will fill in as contact for the city arranging commission. James has the accompanying aptitudes and capacities: standards and practices of contemporary undertaking the board, key, reasonable and logical reasoning, versatility and adaptability including capacity to oversee weight, equivocalness and change, group initiative, relational, correspondence, and venture the board abilities. Jody Bryant is a useful director responsible for Contract Administration and Documentation. She reports to James Sampson. Jody’s capabilities are 18 years involvement with the zone contract organization and related arrangements, and methodology. Her scholarly accreditations incorporate a bachelor’s certificate in business organization and a MBA spend significant time in innovation. She keeps up contract organization frameworks that guarantee that contractual workers act as per the terms, conditions, and particulars of their agreements and additionally buy orders. Her duties include: documentation and record continuing, getting, assessing and following up on designing and other change proposition, arranging cost and timetable effect identifying with change orders and other agreement adjustments. She additionally guarantees auspicious accommodation of required reports. Rose Matos is practical supervisor responsible for structure and on location the board. She reports to James Sampson and Jody Bryant. Rose has 15 years experience planning bars, sections, dividers, floors, rooftops, and establishments of different structures. She will be liable for directing Big Time Builders, Keep-em Happy Architectural, Martin Grading, and other of temporary workers, for example, electrical, plumbing, mechanical, and modern designers. James Vann Haigler is practical supervisor over quality affirmation. Vann, as he wants to be called, has a broad foundation in quality confirmation the board, which remembers a Bachelor of Science for Business Administration, spend significant time in Computer Science. He has more than 13 years of involvement with QA, 3D illustrations applications. Vann reports to James Sampson, and is liable for the general administration of exercises identified with the inspecting, and arrival of crude materials and parts. This incorporates, however isn't restricted to, composing of particulars and SOPs, control of work of art, shop floor testing, goals of Sub-standard Material Reports, and support of seller records. He ensures a degree of value for the end customer, and is centered around making a quality deliverable. Assignment and Responsibility Matrix After the venture is composed, there is a need to characterize what jobs and obligations regarding every individual from Team B. Inside the venture the work won't be explicitness be cultivated by the colleagues yet from sub-temporary workers, anyway each assignment must be done so as to finish the undertaking. [This sentence is befuddling. Revamp for clarity] In request to protect that all errands are completed in the vital request portrayed inside the Statement of Work the administering of the undertakings are separated and allocated to different colleagues as indicated by the individuals job which is characterized by; duty, endorsement and backing. In view of this, the group has built up an assignment/obligation network to monitor these means.

Oglethorpe, James Edward

Oglethorpe, James Edward Oglethorpe, James Edward o ´g?lthôrp [key], 1696â€"1785, English general and philanthropist, founder of the American colony of Georgia . He had some military experience before being elected (1722) to the House of Commons, where he held a seat for 32 years. As chairman of a parliamentary committee investigating penal conditions, Oglethorpe became interested in the plight of the debtor classes. The need for a buffer colony between South Carolina and the Spanish in Florida admirably fitted his proposal to establish an asylum for debtors. He and 19 associates were granted (June, 1732) a charter, to expire in 21 years, making them trustees of the colony of Georgia. Early in 1733, Oglethorpe, leading 116 carefully selected colonists, reached Charleston, S.C., and on Feb. 12, 1733, he founded Savannah. After establishing friendly relations with the Yamacraw, a branch of the Creek confederacy, who ceded their land for settlement, he set about perfecting the colony's defense against the Spanish, building forts and instituting a system of military training. On a visit to England (1734â€"35) Oglethorpe obtained new regulations banning rum and slavery in the colony, which aroused opposition. He returned to Georgia with John Wesley and Charles Wesley . England declared war on Spain in 1739, and Oglethorpe led an unsuccessful expedition against St. Augustine in 1740. However, near Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island, Oglethorpe defeated the Spanish in the battle of Bloody Marsh (June 9, 1742), thereby assuring Georgia's survival. A second unsuccessful assault on St. Augustine (1743) and the displeasure of some of the colonists with his rigid management led to his recall to England. The charges brought against him were dismissed, but he never returned to Georgia. In his later years he was an intimate of the literary circle gathered around Samuel Johnson . See Letters from General Oglethorpe, collected by the Georgia Historical Society (1873); biographies by L. F. Church (1932), A. A. Ettinger (1936, repr. 1968), and J. G. Vaeth (1968); P. Spalding, Oglethorpe in America (1984) and, with H. H. Jackson, Oglethorpe in Perspective (1989). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

How the Long-run Supply Curve Is Constructed

Fantastic Voyage aP Ii Essay - 1739 Words

Fantastic Voyage Unit 9 Project Anatomy and Physiology II Fantastic Voyage. Once again my mini-sub and I will be miniaturized (8 microns long) and witnessing another ‘Fantastic Voyage’ in a human body. This time I will be swallowed by George, a 55 years old man, while he is eating his meal consisting of a hamburger, French fries and a soda. I will pilot my mini-sub through George’s GI (gastrointestinal tract), which is the tube that starts with the mouth and proceeds to the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine (or colon), rectum and, finally, the anus (Pansky, 2007). Along this pathway I will describe the digestion of George’s meal and the major structures that I will encounter. Arrived to the distal†¦show more content†¦Instead the pancreatic juice, which is the most important digestive juice, contains mainly water and enzymes such as: Amylase (breaks down carbohydrates/starch into glucose), Protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids) and Lipase which breaks down lipids (wi th the aid of bile) into triglycerides. It also contains sodium bicarbonate able to neutralize the hydrochloric acid present in the chyme. Through the lining of the small intestine I can also see numerous â€Å"brush border enzymes which are further breaking down products of digestion into absorbable particles; these enzymes constitute the intestinal juice and particularly digest polysaccharides transforming them in monosaccharaides (Maltase, Sucrase and Lactase), (Patton amp; Thibodeau, 2008). The chyme now is entering in the jejunum (the second portion of the small intestine) where digestion continues and absorption begins. I notice that the jejunum contains numerous villi but less Brunners glands, it also presents many large circular folds called plicae circulares (Pansky, 2007). These circular folds increase the surface area for nutrient absorption; in fact the absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place here. Now the chyme and I are entering into the ileum which is the final and longest segment of the small intestine. This tract of theShow MoreRelated Women in the STEM Fields2810 Words   |  12 Pagesother people living in the small town, Elizabeth learned to ignore them. In January of 1849, Elizabeth finally received the M.D. that she had been striving for, finally able to enjoy the fruit of her moral campaign (Bell 30-34). During World War II, there was a huge increase in available factory jobs for women because all of the able-bodied men were fighting in the war. Industrial companies of the day tried to overlook the working-class applicants and instead hire housewives, whom they were sureRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 PagesP age |1 Top 30 Examples to Use as SAT Essay Evidence An exclusive special report from eSATPrepTips.com By Christian Heath P age |2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Adventurers and Explorers: Amelia Earhart (Female Aviation Pioneer) ................................................................................................ 5 ChristopherRead More Casino Development in Massachusetts Essay5400 Words   |  22 Pagesgambling in North America. However, the corporate gambling world got a facelift on February 15, 1992, when a new casino opened in the New England area that would change the entire legalized gambling world forever. This casino would become the most â€Å"fantastic† gambling venue in the world. A Whole New Ballgame Foxwoods Resort and Casino, developed by the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Nation, has grown from a small casino to the largest casino in the world. Started in the rural, southeastern ConnecticutRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesA PicA Trix MiscellAny Underground Edition 2007 e.v. CONTENTS On the Picatrix I. Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western AstrologyRead MoreSwot Analysis for Air China5368 Words   |  22 PagesVisiting friend and family Sightseeing and leisure Work and crew Others Total 1,985 4,923 393 1,289 2,636 11,226 17.7 43.9 3.5 11.5 23.5 100.0 SWOT analysis for Air China 163 Source: Annual Report of Chinese Tourism Administration (2001) Table II. Purpose of visits By sea By air By railway Motor vehicles Others Total 1.488 5.999 0.446 1.762 1.531 11.226 13.3 53.4 4 15.7 13.6 100.0 Source: Annual Report of Chinese Tourism Administration (2001) Table III. Transportation ItemRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages/ edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesIntegration 336 336 Text Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh †¢ International Management, Sixth Edition II. The Role of Culture 390 390 423 4. The Meanings and Dimensions of Culture 5. Managing Across Cultures iv Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The Power of Management Capitol 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 1 C H A 1 P T E R NEW MANAGEMENT FOR BUSINESS GROWTH IN A DEMANDING ECONOMY 2 Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum:Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions:Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswhen the Sugababes got crowned the ‘Best Dance Act’ of 2003. At the end of 2002, Palumbo was obliged to close down his ï ¬â€šagship magazine, Ministry. The Ministry Ibid. Marketing, 4 December (1997), p. 3. 4 5 European Venture Capital Journal, September (2001), p. 1. Independent, 2 January (2004), p. 10. ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 607 MINISTRY OF SOUND 607 of Sound then worked with publishers Condà © Nast to launch a new style magazine, Trash, which would be able to

The Kiss a Descriptive Essay Free Essays

Musee Rodin described Auguste Rodin as the most remarkable sculptor in his time, where he seemingly made flesh out of marble. He was born in Paris on November 12, 1884 and known for creating â€Å"The Age of Bronze†, †The Gates of Hell†, â€Å"The Burghers of Calais†, â€Å"The Thinker†, â€Å"The Kiss† and many other more (biography. com). We will write a custom essay sample on The Kiss: a Descriptive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to his biography, Rodin created â€Å"The Gates of Hell† as a commissioned entrance piece for a â€Å"never built† planned museum; it featured the sculpted figures of â€Å"The Thinker† (1880) and â€Å"The Kiss† (1886). The Kiss† was originally part of the Gates of Hell inspired by a literature source; however, it was removed due to the positive state of eroticism and iconic image of love (artble. com). Rodin died on November 17, 1917 in Meudon, France and was still working on â€Å"The Gates of Hell† (biography. com) The intimate characterizations of the lovers in Rodin’s work were originally made out of stone and were reproduced in marble and bronze (artble. com). It gave emphasis to size standing 5’ 11 ? (Frank 52), giving the impression of a more realistic view for the viewers; figures positioned in a way that he carved the arms around each other and intricately highlighting his theme of the lovers’ first k iss. The figures being made out of stone, Rodin made the figures skin- smooth, in contrast of the roughness of the stone they were sitting on. Although, observing his work from a photograph, different angled pictures of Rodin’s work undeniably still relayed the concept and emotion the first time you see the sculpture. Rodin’s intricate design demonstrated his skill as an artist; he depicted the emotional and symbolic content of having that first kiss. Rodin carved the figures’ intimate embrace and passionate kiss that displayed their true love, despite the tragedy that befell on them; it was ingeniously molded that the emotion involved was felt by the audience. Rodin’s expectations for the public’s reaction as he captured the moment that made his work marvelous; he created a masterpiece that was romantic and sensual, although the figures were nude it was never sexually concentrated (artble. om). The Kiss’s, also known as the Francesca da Rimini, main inspiration was based on the story from Dante’s Divine Comedy, which depicted the forbidden love of Paolo Malatesta to his sister-in-law Francesca da Rimini, who had an affair 13th century Italy. When Francesca’s husband, Giovanni, caught them as they were having their first kiss, he swiftly stabbed the sinful lovers that led to their tragic death. The couple was true to life figures that Dante met in his lifetime (artble. com; musee-rodin. r). REFERENCE: â€Å"Auguste Rodin. † Bio. The Biography Channel website. n. d. Web. 10 Feb 2013. http://www. biography. com/people/auguste-rodin-9461735 â€Å"The Kiss. † Artble. n. p. n. d. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. http://www. artble. com/artists/auguste_rodin/sculpture/the_kiss â€Å"The Kiss. † Musee Rodin. Musee Rodin, n. d. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. http://www. musee-rodin. fr/en/collections/sculptures/kiss Frank, Patrick. Preble’s Artforms. 10th ed. New Jersey: Pearson, 2011. 52. Print How to cite The Kiss: a Descriptive Essay, Essays

Analysis of the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis of the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES). Answer: Introduction An intergovernmental and national institution named as The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES) has managed and owned by member of states for the purpose of application and generation for the early warning information. The RIMES has been evolved from the combined efforts of Asia and Africa, after 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. RIMES have established to generate the early warning information for identification of hazards and are responsive with trans-boundary hazards. On 30th April 2009 RIMES has come to existence and 1st July 2009 its gets registered with UN United Nation. In Thailand Pathumthani the Asian Institute of technology, the RIMES activities are operated as regional early warning center (warning, 2011). Aims of RIMES RIMES are working with the aim to deliver the regional early warning services and its states member capacity building for providing warnings for hydro-meteorological hazards and Tsunami To improve the communication for the disaster risk To enhance the response of community to warning information To provide users a feedback for warning information to improve product and system that is required to generate warning Mission of RIMES To building capacity and providing actionable information related to waning to forewarned, resilient and forearmed communities RIMES Activities They are working with the concept of provides maximum benefits at the minimum cost, RIMES works to address both low frequency hazards and high-impact like tsunamis and high frequency hazards and low-impact like extreme weather event . They are utilizing their technological facilities in an optimum way and providing the state of members to support decision information at wider basis. The all the members of the states are urge to provide lower cost for the establishment of the individual early warning system for low frequency hazards and high-impact (Warning, 2011). They are working to meet the information that is need by the different users; they are integrating risk information at different time scale so that the diverse users early information warning need meet. They are working to generate the tangible benefits that will be demonstrated by identifying new promising technologies and research products to do pilot testing for powerful operations. Key Services The key services that have delivered by RIMES are discussed as follows: Provision watch towards Earthquake and Tsunami To the National Tsunami Warning Centers of States Members RIMES are delivering following services: The monitoring of deep ocean and seismic, sea level The exchange of data, processing and analysis of data and archiving of data Provide alert for tsunami and earthquake Hydrological Research and Development and Weather Climate To the National Hydrological Research and Development and Weather Climate RIMES are delivering following services: Localized and customized generation means that the short-term weather information and server weather generate for the contingency plan and for logistic plan medium-term on formation generated and for long-term planning andmanagement resources, seasonal climate outlook generated (Anny, 2016). The climate variability and change analysis of risk could be generated by them and identification ofmanagement related risk would be made for the adaption of various options The decision support tool would be developed on timely basis and development for the new risk information product would be generated End-to-End Early Warning Capacity Building The Following services are provided by the RIMES to the local and national level institute For providing the regional benefits the observations are being maintained and established and stations are being monitored (Robin, 2016). They are providing proper training to scientist The tool that they are used includes risk assessment and interpretation and translation of early warning. In decision making process the application of risk information being tailored The early warning system is also done by RIMES on need basis SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis of RIMES will be discussed under this heading so that the organizational behavior framework could conduct Strengths of RIMES The strength of RIMES includes that it is a collaborative efforts of Africa and Asia to generate early warning to save from any sort of hazards. The members from all the states are ready to serve at any cost. The best scientists are working with in the premises of RIMES to deliver their best services to generate the warning that could be save people from high and low impact of hazards (Kurittal, 2000) Weakness of RIMES The RIMES weaknesses are that the scientists are on some basis are not be able to generate the results that are useful because the provision of generating warning might be not corrected although they are working with high quality techs products (Pinder, 2013). Opportunity of RIMES The main opportunities of RIMES are that they members of state from the nations are working to provide more tech full resources and they are working to bring advancement in the risk assessment products so that the provision of delivering results will became more authentic and valuable and are useful for them to keep them save from any sort of difficulties (Kuyngus, 2000) Threats of RIMES As they are working on the global scale they are facing many of the threats from their competitive firms that they might steal their technologies that will be biggest threats to them as they are aiming to work to provide best quality provision Organizational Behavior Frame Work The function that is made to achieve the organizational set goals are composed of two or more than two people is defined as the social system that forms an organization. The organization is a place where two or more persons works to gather for the accomplishment of organizational set goals. The way in which an organization structured and organization plays its fundamental role for accomplishment and achievement of organization and individual both. The play a role that is based on the efficacy and efficiency for organization success and satisfaction that is intended to both of an individual and organization (Miner, 2015). The Concept of OB is developed in to identify the behavior of each and every individual and how its affect the organization and individual behavior. The organizational behavior is concept that needs to focus on all perspective to find out its impact on the performance of employees and organization. The concept of OB is developed with purpose to study the human behavior that what basically human mind perceived in order to understand that how effective his thinking for the organization performance (Wagner, 2014). The theories of organizational behavior try to elucidate on the specific behavior of people and to identify environment of organization to find out the factors that affects the individual performance, to identify the level of commitment towards the achievement of goals, to identify the influences of managerial style and leadership style for formulating the overall performance of organization and most importantly to identify the interaction between employers and employees. Thus it has found that the impact of organizational theories found significant to the performance of the organization and these all factors are important to consider for the performance evaluation of organization. The organizations are focusing to use these theories so that the productive of the firm will increase in effective and efficient manner (Durbin, 2013). In the selected organization RIMES are looking significantly into the matters of having a good organization performance those results in better productivity within effective and efficient manner. The two main theories that are used by RIMES in order to make their performance effective and productive and these two main concepts are planning and organizing. The first main concept that is needed to focus is planning is a very major step organization should have a very enrich concern regarding the planning because a careful planning would lead it to its destination. This planning provides a baseline to achieve the goal it is required to have a careful planning for every start to move towards achieving the goals. The goals are being divided into different task and each task need to be monitor time to time and for this organization should survey and communicate to each other for the better understanding (Greenberg, 2013) It is very important to monitor each task with an open eye; supervisor and uppermanagement should have to monitor each task for better performance than it is very important to evaluate the results and this result will help an organization to make decision where the need improvements and for this they need to communicate the result within the organization. The organizations performance not only depends on productivity, effec tiveness of market, profitability, and customer satisfaction but also depends on employee morals so the performancemanagement is very necessary step in the organization which is highly influential for employees satisfaction then to the organization performance thus the RIMES are focusing on the core of their heart to carefully design their planning activities so that the stated long term goals could be achieved by formulating short term and midterm goals. The planning is the most important factor to look up because of the base is wrong than the results will not effective (Bolnio, 2013). The second perspective defines about the organizing the activities in an easiest way to accomplish the goals in more effective manner. The organizing task according to the set plan is fundamental to obtain effective and efficient result. Further the organizational structure is very important to focus. The design structure should be impairment in the sense that organizing will be beneficial for the firms (Wegite, 2013). The organization structure of RIMES is based on the leadership style design. The organization structure is designed in a way to be convenient for interaction between different firms in countries and headquarters. The proper linked is required to maintain among countries and headquarters so that the overall objectives could be achieved in effective and efficient manner. RIMES are focusing to maintain the coordinating activities more profound so that the problem could be resolve and miscommunication gap could be minimized. RIMES has faced difficulties while maintain the coordinating activities between different countries and headquarters, they are developing strategies on early basis to get rid of this miscommunication issue so that the effective result generate which is the sign of efficient and effective productivity (Papio, 2016). RIMES are working with full efforts to organize its organizational structure in way that follows leadership style that is beneficial to them in order to eradicate the communication gap so that the communication between firms will become easier to interact with several issues so that the generated problems could overcome. RIMES have developed different strategies that are playing their effective role in order to remove the miscommunication gap (Benner, 2013). Applied Leadership Theory and Style In this context the applied leadership theory and style that is focused by the RIMES is discussed. The author of the study stated that the leadership styles are fundamental to the organization performance that needs to be focused very sharply. The leadership is generic skills that are implemented in by leader to work as a team that is beneficial and supportive to organizational culture to maintain the performance. The leadership style is supportive to the performance of organization that working in a team would generate the effective performance. The author of the study stated that the leaders are the one who leads people and dont emphasize on ordering them to do work, the leader work cohesiveness and guide each and every individual of organization in order to have better performance and they encourage to work as a team rather than to be alone (piner, 2013). The leadership style is defines by two main function of phases that are transitional phase of leadership and transformational phase of leadership. The phase of leadership that are based on the composition of team that defines mission and establish expectations with stated goals, plan and structure, develop the team and train them and provide feedback these all activities done under the active phase. These functions are evolve in monitoring of the team and set boundaries and solves problem with in the limited provide resources and second style of leadership style phase is transformational phase, this is the phase in which leadership style is based on the activities to enhance coordination between groups and its members in order to generate the effective and efficient result and they are working under the leadership style to resolve the conflict that arises due to the misconception and mismanagement. And another type of leadership style is also existing that is known as the laissez-fai re leadership style that emphasize in the learning of members of groups in order to have the efficient and effective results (Marion 2014). The RIMES leadership style is based on the all of the above leadership phases they have transformational leader in their organization that are emphasizing on the composition of team that defines mission and establish expectations with stated goals, plan and structure, develop the team and train them and provide feedback and the evolve the monitoring process in order to have an effective results. The RIMES also follows the transformational leadership style in which the leaders are emphasizing on activities to enhance coordination between groups and its members in order to generate the effective and efficient result and they are working under the leadership style to resolve the conflict that arises due to the misconception and mismanagement so that the better result could be generated and on some extent the RIMES are also focusing on the emphasizing of laissez-faire leadership style that emphasize in the learning of members of groups in order to have the efficient and effective results for RIMES (walker, 2015). Management Approach The management approaches that has been implemented by RIMES are stated as follows Democratic and Participative Management Approach They are following this approach because the intend to make decision on the basis of team work they provide complete freedom to all of their groups members to participate in decision making process so that the effective result could be generated (Hock, 2016). Bureaucratic Management Approach They are following this approach that has been applied to the countries offices representatives. This type of leadership style is based on the process to follow rules and process and top structure of the organization usually make decision in premises of RIMES. Autocratic Management Approach They are following this approach and is usually applied on personal securities and accountant of RIMES that they have complete right to make their own decision to complete each task. It may on some extent make frustration for employees as well (Famdaze, 2014). Laissez-Faire Management Approach The RIMES are focusing on this approach and providing their employees a learning sharing environment and they have right to make their own decision and prefer to work in a team (Corea, 2015). Discussion It has been analyzed in the end that the RIMES have proper planning system and well maintained organization structure in which all are playing their role in effective and efficient manner to generate the better performance in the firm they are focusing on the emphasizing of leadership style to have a complete command over employees so that the best possible result could made that is useful for the organization, RIMES is working to maintain their coordination will all the countries to have direct linked with the organization so that all types of problems that has been faced due to the communication gap could be resolve at early basis. Their leadership style is quite impressive and maintainable Conclusion and Recommendation It has been concluded at the end that the report is based on the introduction of RIMES and their services and activities are present and SWOT analysis of RIMES is mention that is revealing about the performance of RIMES. The framework of organizational behavior in which the theories of organizational behavior has been discussed and two main concept of planning and organizing is discussed which is based on the premises of RIMES perspective that what are their planning style and concept and according to the them the planning is most important step that is the base of the organization performance and then the organization structure of RIMES has been discussed that is designed in way to cover the communication gap. Then the leadership style and phases are discussed in the other section of report that is defining that the RIMES emphasizes on all three forms of leadership style that is transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and laissez-faire leadership style that are playin g vital role for generating effective performance. References Warning, R. I. M. H. E. (2011). System for Africa and Asia (RIMES). 2011.Development of High-Resolution Regional Climate Model for the Maldives, through Statistical and Dynamic Downscaling of Global Climate Models to Provide Projections for Use in National and Local Planning. Report No. 3: Downscaling Process, Results, and Uncertainties. Anay aqnd Robbin (2016), working activities of The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES), the economic journal, p123-213. Kurttila, M., Pesonen, M., Kangas, J., Kajanus, M. (2000). Utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in SWOT analysisa hybrid method and its application to a forest-certification case. The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES)Forest policy and economics,1(1), 41-52. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Wagner III, J. A., Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(4), 542-559. Greenberg, J., Colquitt, J. A. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of organizational justice. Psychology Press. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Greenberg, J. (Ed.). (2013).Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Routledge. Weigelt, C., Miller, D. J. (2013). Implications of internal organization structure for firm boundaries.Strategic Management Journal,34(12), 1411-1434. Papaioannou, G. I., Chatzis, D. G., Kotsanis, A., Sionis, D. G., Pavlides, G., Arampatzis, C. A., ... Mihalis, L. (2014). Organization, structure and data of the Hellenic Heart Registry on Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: a step forward towards outcomes research.Hellenic J Cardiol,55(3), 227-234. Ben-Ner, A. (2013). Preferences and organization structure: Toward behavioral economics micro-foundations of organizational analysis.The Journal of Socio-Economics,46, 87-96. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., Topa, G., Mangin, J. P. L. (2014). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(1), 103-119. Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Fernandez, L., Velasquez, M., Sua, L. F. (2014). Endobronchial Interventions Used In The Managemet Of Malignant Central Airway Obstruction: Initial Experience At A Reference Center In South America. InC39. THE SPY WHO LOVED BRONCHOSCOPY: ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL PULMONARY PROCEDURES(pp. A4399-A4399). American Thoracic Society. Correa, R., Basta, N., Andrade, A., Flores, J. G. (2015, November). The Integrated Approach to Formation Water Management 2: Field Applications and Best Practices. InSPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

5 Practical Space-Saving Resume Tips from The Essay Expert

5 Practical Space-Saving Resume Tips from The Essay Expert Conventional resume wisdom says to keep it to one or two pages, depending on the extent of your experience. Are you having trouble meeting these page requirements? If you have a few lines that you just cant fit onto that page, the following resume tips may help. Tip #1: Adjust Your Margins Are your margins set at 1 or 1.25? Try 0.5 top margin (above your header); 0.6 bottom margin; and 0.8 left and right margins. Tip #2: Reduce Your Font Size Try reducing your font size, even by 0.5pt. Acceptable font size depends on the font you are using. I recommend actually printing the resume to see how it looks on paper. Radical? Maybe. But worth it. Looking at a hard copy will ensure that you do NOT reduce the font size so much that it leaves your readers squinting! Tip #3: Streamline Your Header Your header does not have to take up 4 lines. Many resumes have a header that looks like this (and takes up way more space than necessary): Alternatively, consider something like: See how you have magically saved three lines that can be used for substantive information? Tip #4: Shrink the Space Between Your Sections You dont need to put an entire space between experience blurbs or sections of your resume. Instead, if you currently have full spaces between entries, try this: Delete the space that is currently there. Put your cursor at the beginning of the line. Go to the Paragraph menu. Insert a 6pt space before or after the line, as appropriate. If you insert a 6pt space before or after a line, it will almost always be a smaller space than the one you create by putting in a full line of space. How many extra lines can you squeeze from your resume with this trick? Tip #5: Use One Line for Your Employment Info Do you have your dates of employment running down the left-hand column of your resume? This format may be using up prime resume real estate! If your resume uses this format and you are having space issues, try this: Put the name of your employer all the way to the left margin of your resume. Put the location right after the name of the employer (preceded by a comma). Put your dates of employment all the way to the right by inserting a Right Tab at your location of choice (probably at 6.8 or so). To insert a Right Tab: Either double click on the ruler at the spot you want to insert the tab, or go to the Paragraph menu. Click on Tabs Insert the position in inches where you wish to insert the Right Tab Under â€Å"Alignment, click â€Å"Right. Hit OK or Apply If your text jumps off the page as a result of this maneuver, have no fear! It has not disappeared, it has just moved beyond your viewing area. Place your cursor where you know the text should be and start hitting the delete button. Eventually the text will come back onto the page and be nicely aligned at the right tab you created. If you are still having trouble fitting your resume onto the page, you may need more extensive organizational assistance to condense and prioritize your blurbs and bullets. There are many ways to pare down your language and still get your experience and skill across. Did these resume tips help you cut your resume down to size? Do you have any other space saving tips to share? For more resume tips, check out Brendas DIY resume writing books or   The Essay Experts resume writing services.

Women Artists essays

Women Artists essays It is ridiculous that in times such as these, women are not being recognized for their artwork. In the movie, Dennis Reid highlighted the fact that only 8% of the artwork in museums is that of women. It is possible that the old ways of male superiority have not completely died in the art world, but it is time that they do. It is obvious that women are able to create art that is equally worthy of the attention received by the other gender. It is surprising to me that there exists only one museum in the world that is entirely devoted to the work of women artists. The Museum of Woman Art should in fact be one of many of its kind. Throughout the film, we viewed several incredibly talented women such as, Emily Carr, Mary Pratt, Joyce Weiland, and Doris McArthy, who deserve to have their work placed in highly regarded museums. I was shocked by the story Doris McArthy told of her troubles receiving a membership into The Ontario Society of Artists. Even though she had had her work in the groups exhibition for 3 years in a row, she was still denied membership due to the fact that she was young. Doris believes the only reason she was denied the honor was because she was a women. Many of the women depicted in the film tell similar stories of their hardships of being accepted into the art world. It was disappointing to not see the conclusion of the film during class. I am interested to learn if the art world is now accepting women more than in years past. I believe and hope that this is true. On a recent trip to BMoCA, I was surprised and happy to see that the number of woman artists in their show The Living End outweighted the number of men. Perhaps now that The Dinner Party has a home, women artists will be more frequently invited into collectors homes as well as public museums. ...

Operations and Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations and Supply Chain Management - Essay Example His model had classified government policies and regulations, corporate policies and firm size as moderating variables. Literature Review: Australian Manufacturing and Service Market Studies carried out to survey the service delivery have shown that the public sector has undergone significant reforms to meet public expectation on its performance. The government had addressed this through microeconomic reforms that were characterized by financial deregulation, improved monetary and fiscal policy, tariff reforms, labor market reform, and trade liberalization amongst others (Shergold, 1996, p. 18 and James, 2003, p. 96). In the later years, however, there was a shift to privatization of service delivery to NGOs and private sector (Tang, 1997, p. 98; Productivity Commission 1999. p. 6; Lyons, 1994, p. 182; James, 2003, p. 105 and Rapper, 2000, p. 23). Surveys carried out in Australia to determine whether government should outsource health services for an improved service delivery found o ut that there is the likelihood of poor performance in terms of quality, cost, and other externalities (Boardman and Hewitt, 2004, p. 921). This had left the house undecided on whether to privatize service delivery in this sector or not. Surprisingly, studies conducted to determine delivery speed and delivery reliability found transportation is very fast and reliable but quite expensive. The study shows that Australian gross value added of the transport and storage sector was $ 34, 496 million in 1999-2000. This was 5.6% of GDP. On comparison to other logistic costs, transportation occupies 29.4% of logistics cost, exceeding even warehousing cost, packing cost, management cost ordering cost and movement cost (Chang, 1998, p. 15 and BTRE, 2001, p. 9). Similarly,... Study has shown that the public sector has undergone significant reforms to meet public expectation on its performance. The government had addressed this through microeconomic reforms that were characterized by financial deregulation, improved monetary and fiscal policy, tariff reforms, labor market reform, and trade liberalization amongst others. In the later years, however, there was a shift to privatization of service delivery to NGOs and private sector. Surveys carried out in Australia to determine whether government should outsource health services for an improved service delivery found out that there is the likelihood of poor performance in terms of quality, cost, and other externalities. This had left the house undecided on whether to privatize service delivery in this sector or not. Surprisingly, studies conducted to determine delivery speed and delivery reliability found transportation is very fast and reliable but quite expensive. The study shows that Australian gross value added of the transport and storage sector was $ 34, 496 million in 1999-2000. This was 5.6% of GDP. On comparison to other logistic costs, transportation occupies 29.4% of logistics cost, exceeding even warehousing cost, packing cost, management cost ordering cost and movement cost. Similarly, studies conducted on new product introduction in the Australian market suggested that the rate of success of new products depends on the following: management style, marketing strategies, staff expertise, senior management support, available resources, organization size and distribution channels.

Football & Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Football & Finance - Essay Example The spending on salaries and players was 43 percent up over the previous five years. European clubs assessment is a requirement of Uefa’s financial fair play policies, which focuses on reducing debt and stopping teams from spending above their capability. According to Uefa’s rule of financial fair play, teams that fail to meet the requirements of the union’s policies face sanctions or suspension from participating in the continent’s major competitions. According to 2009, 2010 and 2010 financial reports, many clubs participating at both clubs and European competition levels exhibited significant amount of losses in relation to the Uefa’s minimum low of â‚ ¬5 million. Many European football clubs including top flight clubs have recently shown numerous financial drawbacks adding to recent increase in the total loss experience in the European football industry. There have been public outcries from some clubs regarding financial fair play by some of t he continent’s top division clubs. A considerable number of clubs have undergone liquidation while many more face the threat of possible bans from taking part in Uefa Champions League and Europa League, which are the continent’s most prestigious football competitions. Liquidation is the worst experience any club would ever wish to undergo. Apparently, cost control has been one of the most challenging tasks for European football clubs. Many clubs, including the most famous clubs in the recent history of football, have failed maintain low and sustainable expenditure levels, which calls for robust research into the issue of finance and football. There Owing to the increasing margins of losses incurred by European football clubs and many reported cases of possible liquidations of clubs, there is clear need for information supply for football club managers and committees on sustainable cost management approaches, which this project intends to establish through review of lit erature on some of the main causes of financial dismay for many football clubs. Preliminary Review of Literature The strong economic growth that football industry exhibited during late periods of 1990s prompted academicians and researchers to shift their attention towards issues that relate to the administration of performance of football clubs

Six Sigma Concepts in OPD: Process Mapping and Waiting Time

Six Sigma Concepts in OPD: Process Mapping and Waiting Time Study on Process mapping, Waiting Time Based on  Six Sigma Concepts in OPD Dr Geetika Verma Dr Geetika Verma, Management Trainee, Department of Patient Care Services, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon. Abstract This study focuses on to identify the various procedures at the outpatient clinic as well as to investigate the possible operational problems that may lead to excessive patients’ waiting time. A patients’ experience in waiting time will radically influence his / her perceptions on quality of the service. The study was carried out in Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon (Haryana) for three months. The subjects were outpatients who came to the outpatient clinic in FMRI. Data was analysed using the six sigma approach.Significant reduction in waiting time was achieved in the outpatient services of department by using the six sigma approach. Doctors were on time in OPD to reduce the delay in the OPD. Patients were coordinated well to the doctors. Keywords: ‘Lean Six Sigma’, ‘Waiting time’, ‘Process mapping’ Introduction Patients’ waiting time has been defined as â€Å"the length of time from when the patient entered the outpatient clinic to the time the patient actually received his or her perception†. Process mapping is a workflow diagram to bring forth a clearer understanding of a process or series of parallel processes. It views the system from the patient perspective following their journey across organisational boundaries. It helps staff understand how complex and confusing processes appear to the patient. It is organisation specific. It is diagnostic and used as a basis for redesign, actively involving frontline staff in the process. (Shows how things actually are). Fig. 1: Patient Process Aim Of the Study The two main objectives of the study were: To study the patients’ waiting time in the outpatient clinic, with a view to identify the factors that affect waiting time and recommend ways of minimising the delay To use the six sigma technique to identify the delay and improve management capabilities. Research Scope This research was done at the outpatient clinic in FMRI. The research methods chosen were to: Directly observe the patients. Interview the patients. Interview the people involved in managing the work process. Literature Research WAITING TIME Defined as the total time from registration until consultation with a doctor. REGISTERATION TIME Defined as waiting time from the moment patients submit a clinic card or referral letters at the counter until getting a call from the counter. During this time the payment process and record classification are made. Registration time is part of patient’s waiting time. SIX SIGMA First introduced by Motorola in 1986, Six sigma is a method to measure the quality of a process to fulfil customers’ needs which approaches perfection. Data and statistical analysis were used to identify defects in processes and reduce variation. With Six sigma, defects in a process can be measured by identifying the best method to eliminate defects and approach ‘zero defect’. Customers’ satisfaction is the main factor. A new and more effective method has to be adopted to ensure customers’ satisfaction. Six Sigma specifies a very high standard of quality achievement. It utilizes a variety of existing project management, statistical and analytical tools. Several toolkits of the six sigma were applied during this study: Descriptive statistics Statistical image shows characteristics of collected data. At this level, data will be presented using the best presentation tools such as histogram, pie charts or others. Flow chart Chart shows description and sequence of the process done. Cause and effect diagram Diagram shows the relationship of a cause that gives rise to a certain problem. Methodology MEASURABLES 1.Total waiting time for the consultation. 2.Time taken for Investigations. SAMPLE SIZE This study conducted at the outpatient clinic, FMRI, was an exploratory and evaluation study. Respondents of this study were selected patients, staffs and doctors at the outpatient clinic. Table 1: Sample Size Retrospective data of 4500 patients was analysed for waiting time during the period August- October 2013. Voice Of Patients was obtained from 150 patients. TYPE OF DATA AND COLLECTION METHODS Several variables monitored in this study were data on patients’ waiting time work process, number of doctors available and number of staffs at the registration counter. Three major collection methods were used in the study: The first method was observation. Data were collected through direct observation on the subjects involved in the various working processes in FMRI. Measurements of time spent from registration until consultation by a doctor were made using a stopwatch. The second method is through interview. In carrying out this research, some of the management staff and doctors were interviewed to obtain information on the working process in the hospital. Voice of patients (VOP) was obtained using standardized questionnaire. DMAIC METHOD (DEFINE-MEASURE-ANALYSIS-IMPROVE-CONTROL) The Six Sigma method which consists of the five steps of: Define Measure Analysis Improve Control (DMAIC) is the roadmap to achieve the objectives of this study. DMAIC STEPS Fig. 2: DMAIC Steps PROCESS FLOW IN FMRI OPD: Fig 3: Outpatient Flow Study was carried out in the GENERAL OPD FMRI Outpatients of 50 per day. Simple Random sampling was followed. Period of Study – AUGUST 2013 TO NOVEMBER 2013. STATISTICAL TOOLS 1. Process Map-Flow Chart that shows description and sequence of the process done. 2. Cause and Effect Diagram Diagram that shows the relationship of a cause that gives rise to a certain problem. 3. Affinity Diagram- Business tool used to organize ideas and data. 4. Descriptive statistics- Analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way. Results And Conclusion DEFINE This is the first step that refers to defining the goals of the project. Process improvement goals may be aimed at increasing market share, the output of a particular department, bringing about improved employee satisfaction as well as customer satisfaction and so on. The goal has to align the patient demands and the strategic goals of the organization. Data mining methods can be used to find prospective ideas for project implementation. In other words, businesses are designing a road map for achieving the targets and goals of the organization. Problem Statement: Three months retrospective data from the department indicates that in August 2013 only 66.64% of patients were seen within 15 minutes by the physician. In September 2013 this decreased marginally to 59.68% and in October 2013 this was found to be 61.68%. OPD WAITING TIME PERCEPTION OF PATIENTS For understanding perception of patients on OPD waiting time, VOC was collected from 150 patients in the OPD. Questionnaire for OPD Patients: 1. Did you take an appointment for OPD visit? a) Yesb) No 2. How did you get the appointment? Through telephone or direct? 3. Are you satisfied with the way your phone call was handled? a)Yesb)No 4. What instruction was given by the counter staff at the time of appointment/arrival? 5. How did you feel at the reception? a) Very good b)Goodc)Badd)Very bad 6. How much time it took at the reception, to attend you? a)0-10 minsb)10-20 minsc)20-30 minsd)>30 mins 7. At what time you were asked to report at the counter and when did you reach the OPD reception? 8. Did any staff brief you regarding the workflow in OPD? a)Yesb)No 9. How long you have been waiting in OPD? a)0-10 minsb)10-20 minsc)20-30 minsd)>30 mins 10. Did any information regarding waiting time in OPD was given to you, at the time of appointment? a)Yesb)No 11. How much time it took for you to interact with doctor after your arrival? a)0-10 minsb)10-20 minsc)20-30 minsd)>30 mins 12. Are you aware of the existing appointment system in FMRI? a)Yesb)No 13. What is your perception on waiting time in the hospital? 14. What would you suggest to reduce waiting time in OPD? 15. Any other suggestions? How long have you been waiting in the OPD for Consultation (Observations): It was observed that 20% patients take prior appointment to consult the doctor whereas 80% patients come Walk- in to consult the doctor. Fig 4: Appointment for OPD Visit 67% patients who come to consult the doctor take prior appointment on the telephone whereas 33% comes directly to get the appointment. Fig 5: Appointment System It was found that 75% of the patients were satisfied with the telephonic call handled whereas 25% patients weren’t satisfied. Fig 6: Satisfaction Level As per as the behavior of the reception of the staff is concerned, it was found that out of 150 patients, 20 patients felt very good behavior; 90 patients felt good, 25 patients felt bad and 15 patients felt very bad behavior from the side of reception staff. Fig 7: Reception Staff’s behavior When process flow was observed to capture the waiting time, it was found that out of 150 patients, 50 patients were attended within 10 minutes; 70 patients were attended within 10-20 minutes; 25 patients were attended within 20-30 minutes and 5 patients were attended more than 30 minutes. Fig. 8: Time taken to attend the patients 75% patients felt that they were briefed regarding workflow in OPD whereas 25% patients felt that they weren’t. Fig.9: Briefing Regarding Workflow in OPD Regarding waiting time it was that out of 150 patients, 60 patients had to wait up to 10 minutes; 5 patients had to wait within 10-20 minutes, 15 patients had to wait within 20-30 minutes and 30 patients had to wait more than 30 minutes. Fig. 10: Waiting Time in OPD 93% patients felt that they were well informed regarding waiting time in OPD whereas 7% patients felt that they weren’t informed well. Fig. 11: Information regarding Waiting Time As per as interaction with doctor after arrival is concerned, out of 150 patients 98 patients interacted within 10 minutes, 12 patients interacted within 10-20 minutes, 26 patients interacted within 20-30 minutes and 14 patients interacted more than 30 minutes. Fig. 12: Time taken for consultation to doctor 51% patients were found aware regarding existing appointment system in FMRI whereas 49% patients were found unaware. Fig. 13: Awareness regarding appointment system in FMRI MEASURE This phase refers to the analysis of the existing system with various measurement techniques for the defects and levels of perfection that exist. In this step, accurate metrics have to be used to define a baseline for further improvements. This helps in understanding whether any progress has been achieved when process improvements are implemented. To identify High level process map the SIPOC has been done. Table 2: SIPOC The various processes involved in the particular project have been described in detail in flow chart: Fig.14: Process Flow Chart NO YES Revisit New Visit Value Analysis: A value analysis was done based on the flow chart and the processes were categorized into Value added, Operational Value Added Activity and Non Value Added Activities. Table.3: Value Analysis ANALYZE The analyze phase was undertaken to determine any disparity that may exist in the goals set and the current performance levels achieved. The understanding of the relationship between cause and effect is necessary to bring about any improvements, if needed. Brainstorming session was carried out and all the causes were listed in the affinity diagram. The Fish Bone Diagram was prepared. The causes which got from the brain storming session have been segregated into non controllable causes, direct improvement causes and controllable and likely causes. Its fish bone diagram for controllable causes only. Table.4: Analysis Phase CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM: Fig.15: Cause and effect diagram Causes were then ranked on the basis of severity and occurrence as per criteria given. Table.5: Ranking of causes on the basis of severity and occurrence A modified Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) were carried out for Occurrence and Severity only. The top Risk Priority Number was considered for further analysis, using 5WHY. Single Registration counter Time taken to process blood test only Time taken to process blood test and other Investigations. DATA ANALYSIS As per analysis of data, following observations were made: Month August- As per observations, Average Time = 13 minutes. No. of patients seen >15 minutes = approx. 13 % of no. of patients seen > 15 minutes = 25.48% Fig. 16: Observation in Month August Month September- It was observed, Average Time = 17 minutes. No. of patients seen >15 minutes = approx. 17 % of no. of patients seen > 15 minutes = 32.70% Fig. 17: Observation in Month September It was noticed that there was slight increase in the average time, no. of patients seen more than 15 minutes and %age of no. of patients seen more than 15 minutes. The main reasons behind it are: Delay in Doctors’ in time( e.g. Doctor in OT/ On Rounds) Delay in Investigations. Long consultation time. Month October- It was observed, Average Time = 15 minutes. No. of patients seen >15 minutes = approx. 16 % of no. of patients seen > 15 minutes = 30.19%. Fig. 18: Observation in Month October In this month slight improvement was observed as the average time, no. of patients seen more than 15 minutes and its %age decreased slightly. This was due to: Doctors requested to be on time so that patients can’t feel inconvenient. Complete consultation on time. COMPARISON AMONG MONTHS AUGUST, SEPTEMBER OCTOBER: Table.5: Comparison among Months August, September October It was observed when compared the data of three months that: Average waiting time was decreased followed by slight increase. Maximum time for the consultation has decreased within three months. Minimum time was approximately zero in these three months. Fig. 19: Comparison among months August, September October IMPROVE Improvements in existing systems are necessary to bring the organization towards achievement of the organization goals. Creative development of processes and tools brings about a new lease on life for the organizations processes and takes them nearer to organizational objectives. Various project management and planning tools can be used to implement these new techniques and processes. Appropriate usage of statistical tools is important to measure the data, which is necessary to understand improvements done and any shortcomings that may exist. The solutions with their respective Causes are shown below: Table.6: Causes Solutions CONTROL Control phase is the last step in the DMAIC method. This phase is about sustaining the changes made in the Improve phase to guarantee lasting results. The best controls are MONITORING, appropriate CHECKS and balance the quality system for the long run. Recommendations Segregated OPD counters for billing. Separated nursing station for the departments to reduce waiting time. OPD schedule to be blocked for the time duration when the doctors are in procedure or on rounds. Time slot for appointments to be increased from 10 to 20 minutes per doctor. Conclusion: Significant reduction in waiting time was achieved in the outpatient services of the department. Doctors were on time in OPD to reduce the delay in the OPD. Patients were coordinated well to the doctors. Further data analysis will help to monitor and control the waiting time and process flow in the OPD.

Bowlby’s research Essay

The maternal deprivation hypothesis was developed in post second world wartime and Bowlby’s research was based on children that were extremely traumatized, having possibly lost both parents at war. As a result a lot of children ended up in institutions which more than likely had substandard conditions and numerous untrained carers. It is very important to bear in mind the context of that time as there was a national need for family life to be recreated and stabilised after the war. Thus, Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis was interpreted as an opposition to the employment of women with young children and therefore the use of day-care facilities. It is important to acknowledge that Bowlby was primarily concerned with the welfare of children and that his theory of maternal deprivation played a huge role in reforming child care practices by pointing out the damaging effect of been cared for by numerous staff. In the years since however, the maternal deprivation hypothesis has been largely discredited in light of subsequent research which suggests that some separation, for example some time in a high quality day-care, may not necessarily have long-term effects on future relationships. Bowlbys monotropic model of attachment has also been highly criticised as recent evidence is revealing that children do form attachments with more than one adult, in particular with fathers, siblings and other adult carers with whom they have developed a stable relationship. Research has shown that children generally favour their father’s company to the company of a stranger. According to Lewis (1986) the attachment bond between a father and child is dependant on the quality of their relationship, that is, a child with a sensitive father that is focused on their needs will develop a stronger attachment bond with them. Nonetheless, in times of distress infants are more likely to seek out the comfort of their mother over their father (Lamb, 1981). Given the changing times and the steady increase in the proportion of working mothers, it is necessary to focus more on the effects of multiple attachments and specifically to the child’s relationship with adult caregivers other than parents and relatives. Studies however, carried out by Tizard and Rees (1975) and Tizard and Hodges (1978) caution that while children can be cared for and attached to more than one adult, having a large number of caregivers may have an adverse effect on their ability to develop close relationships. Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis was further developed by the work of Mary Ainsworth (1969), who devised a method for observing and assessing the attachment behaviour babies’ display towards their mothers/caregivers. This is known as the Strange Situation (ED209 TV4 programme) and is essentially a method for measuring a one year-old’s attachment to its mother and assessing how the child reacts to separation and more importantly to reunion with its mother when placed in a slightly stressful situation. Briefly, the experiment involves taking mother and child to a strange room and observing the child’s responses to the introduction of a stranger, the mother’s departure, reunion with the mother, leaving the child alone for a few minutes in the room (most stressful event), and leaving the child alone with the stranger. Researchers classify the maternal-child attachment relationship based on the child’s behaviour during reunion with the mot her. Ainsworth suggests that attachment relations fall into three categories: securely attached, insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent infants. Sometimes an additional category (disorganised) has been used. According to Ainsworth securely attached infants explore freely when their mother is present and use her as a secure base when a stranger appears. They greet her warmly on reunion and show a clear preference for her over the stranger. Children who do not behave this way, for example by clinging (insecure-ambivalent) or been more detached (insecure-avoidant) during reunion with their mother, are described as insecurely attached. Ainsworth et al (1978) believed that children who are separated from their mother, for example children who attend day-care, are likely to form insecure attachments. This is supported by Belsky (1988) who, it is interesting to note, revised his conclusions regarding the consequences of placing children in non-maternal day-care. Initially, he believed that day care did not effect a child’s attachment to his/her mother, however subsequently in his review of a number of US studies, he concluded that children who are subjected to more than twenty hours a week of non-maternal day-care in their first year of life are at risk of developing insecure attachments. It is important to note that although the strange situation technique has been widely used by Belsky and others to assess the quality of a child’s attachment to its caregiver, it may not however be the best method for comparing children who experience day care with those who do not. Belsky’s conclusions regarding day-care have been disputed by Clark-Stewart (1988) who argues that the differences in attachment styles between infants attending non-maternal day-care for less than twenty hours a week and more than 20 hours a week are not large enough to conclude that working mothers put their children at risk of suffering from psychological problems. Furthermore, she points out that children who attend day care are used to separation and therefore react differently on reunion with their mothers than children who are with their mothers all day. Thus, children may appear detached not because they are insecure but because they are more independent and more accustomed to been separated from their mother (Clark-Stewart, 1988) . Like Bowlby, Ainsworth believed in a universal model of attachment however, evidence from cross-cultural research on secure and insecure attachments carried out by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) revealed cultural differences in the mother-child relationship. This evidence questions the validity of using the strange situation method to measure and compare attachment in different cultures. For example, children from Japan showed intense distress in the strange situation when separated from their mother, as in their culture children are never left alone at twelve months. These cultural differences highlight the importance of moving away from a universal model of attachment towards a more cultural perspective. Bowlby’s ethnocentric perspective, which sees the biological mother as the all-important person for the infants first attachment, has received a lot of criticism and has been branded as a Western cultural construction by some psychologists. It is interesting to note that out of 186 non-industrial societies Weisner and Gallimore (1977) found that, in only five of these societies was the child (almost) solely looked after by the mother! Moreover, research carried out in different countries showed the grandmother as having a special and unique attachment to the child due to her long life experience and wisdom (Tyszowka, 1991) thereby lending support to a more polyadic model of attachment.

History of Communication Essay

The history of communication dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 100,000 years ago. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago, and writing in the past few centuries. Petro glyphs The next step in the history of communications is petroglyphs, carvings into a rock surface. It took about 20,000 years for homo sapiens to move from the first cave paintings to the first petroglyphs, which are dated to around 10,000BC. It is possible that the humans of that time used some other forms of communication, often for mnemonic purposes – specially arranged stones, symbols carved in wood or earth, quipu-like ropes, tattoos, but little other than the most durable carved stones has survived to modern times and we can only speculate about their existence based on our observation of still existing ‘hunter-gatherer’ cultures such as those of Africa or Oceania. Pictograms A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration. Pictography is a form of proto-writing whereby ideas are transmitted through drawing. Pictographs were the next step in the evolution of communication: the most important difference between petroglyphs and pictograms is that petroglyphs are simply showing an event, but pictograms are telling a story about the event, thus they can for example be ordered in chronological order. Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC, when tokens marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce, and become increasingly popular around 6000-5000 BC. They were the basis of cuneiform and hieroglyphs, and began to develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC. Ideograms Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like ‘heat’, ‘light’, ‘day’ or ‘Great God of the Sun’. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogram of two sticks can mean not only ‘legs’ but also a verb ‘to walk’. Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures developed similar ideograms. For example an eye with a tear means ‘sadness’ in Native Americanideograms in California, as it does for the Aztecs, the early Chinese and the Egyptians. Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters. Examples of ideographical proto-writing systems, thought not to contain language-specific information, include the Vinca script (see also TÄÆ'rtÄÆ'ria tablets) and the early Indus script. In both cases there are claims of decipherment of linguistic content, without wide acceptance.

Intention to create legal relations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2650 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1.The concept of intention to create legal relations is used by the courts as a device to enable them to deny enforceability to those agreements which they consider should not be legally enforced (Jill Poole, Contract Law). Discuss. 1500 words In order for a legally binding contract to come into existence, there are certain requirements which must be met. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intention to create legal relations" essay for you Create order Briefly, these requirements include a clear offer and acceptance, consideration moving from the promisee, and an intention on the part of the contracting parties to create legal relations. Why has this concept been included in the prerequisites of a contract? Poole states that it is in order for the courts to deny enforceability to contracts which they do not consider should be legally enforced. How effective is the imposition of this doctrine is policing the suitability of contracts? What is the basis of the doctrine? The basic doctrine, then, is that in order for a valid and binding contract to exist, the parties to the contract must have had an intention to create legal relations. In the vast majority of commercial transactions, this is relatively straightforward, and rarely gives rise to any controversy. It is presumed, in law, that parties to any commercial transaction intend, from the outset, to be legally bound by their agreement. This legal binding offers them security and the possibility of redress if the other party fails to perform their part of the contract. It is in the context of domestic and social agreements that the doctrine plays its most significant role. In this context, the courts make a presumption in the opposite direction; namely that the parties do not intend to be bound by their agreement. This is based on the policy that the courts should, as a rule, stay out of regulating domestic and social agreements. There are, then, two presumptions used by the courts in the context of the doctrine of intention to create legal relations, both of which are, however, rebuttable. The earliest case in which the doctrine was expounded was that of Balfour v Balfour. The fact that the doctrine first appeared as late as 1919 shows that it was a very late development in the law of contract. Briefly, the case involved a husband and wife, who went abroad to live. When the plaintiff wife decided to stay in England rather than return abroad with her hus band, she alleged they made an oral agreement for him to pay her some money each month. The first instance judge said the defendant owed it to his wife to look after her, while the Court of Appeal held that he was not liable to make the payments to his wife. In the context of Pooleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement, then, the Court of Appeal used the doctrine of intention to create legal relations to enable them to deny enforceability to an agreement which they felt should not be enforced. Domestic affairs, it was thought, should be dealt with privately, or else there would be a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"flood of litigationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Atkins LJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judgement in this case clearly recognises the doctrine of intention to create legal relations. What is the basis for this presumption? According to McKendrick, Atkins LJà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judgement suggests that the initial presumption is derived from the law (or public policy) rather than the intention of the parties.[1] In th is particular case, Atkins LJ put forward the floodgates argument; that if they afforded binding status to this type of arrangement, the lower courts would be overwhelmed with similar cases. The presumption that domestic agreements are not intended to be binding was first established, then, in Balfour v Balfour in 1919. The later case of Merritt v Merritt, however, added a new aspect to this doctrine. The presumption in domestic agreements can be rebutted (that is, it can be found that there was an intention to create legal relations) where the parties have separated, or are about to separate, at the time of the arrangement. The Court of Appeal found the plaintiff wife was able to enforce her defendant husbandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s promise, as they were not happily married at the time of the agreement. Again, this shows the courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ willingness to use the doctrine of intention to create legal relations to deny or affirm enforceability to those agreements which they c onsider worthy. Here they were keen to afford a measure of protection to the plaintiff wife, and the presumption was therefore said to have been rebutted for this purpose. This same motivation was evident in the subsequent case of Tanner v Tanner. This case established that where a party gives up their legal rights in reliance upon a domestic arrangement, that arrangement is legally binding. Again this shows the courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ willingness to afford the protection of contractual certainty in some domestic arrangements. A similar presumption to the one established in Balfour v Balfour was evident in the case of Jones v Padavatton. Here it was established that in family arrangements, there is a presumption that the parties do not intend to create legal relations. Briefly, the plaintiff offered her daughter (the defendant) an allowance if the daughter gave up her job in the USA and studied for the Bar in London. The mother subsequently bought her daughter a house to rent ou t to provide an income for the daughter. Three years later the mother claimed possession as the daughter had still not passed her Bar exams. The Court of Appeal held that as the parties were close when the arrangement was made, and because the arrangement was vague and uncertain, there was no intention to be bound. This case would seem rather to contradict Pooleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement, as following Tanner v Tanner, one might have expected the courts to afford some degree of protection to the plaintiff mother who was seeking to rely on the agreement being contractually binding. The case shows that the courts will not simply use the doctrine to arrive at a just solution at the expense of other relevant doctrines. The presumption established in Jones v Padavatton can also, however, be rebutted. According to Simpkins v Pays, an arrangement between members of the same household can rebut the presumption. The case involved a domestic arrangement between three ladies (two of whom were related) who lived in the same house to pool their entries into a newspaper fashion competition and to share any prize money. The entry was sent in the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name. It was held that the plaintiff could recover a third of the prize money from the defendant, and that there had been an intention to be legally bound. In commercial agreements, the opposite presumption applies. This is because of the need for certainty in commercial transactions. Parties to any commercial agreement, then, intend to be legally bound, whether it is a corporate contract, or simply a contract to purchase goods in a shop. Although it is more difficult than in the domestic context, it is not impossible to rebut this presumption. The case of Rose and Frank Co v JR Crompton established that the presumption can be rebutted by the inclusion of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"honourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ clause in the contract. In this case, a contract clause provided à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“This arrangement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written, as a formal or legal agreement, and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Where the presumption is sought to be rebutted in the commercial context, the onus of doing so rests with the party claiming it does not apply (Edwards v Skyways Ltd). If there is any doubt as to whether the presumption should apply, following Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise, the court should use an objective test to decide the issue. Finally, in deciding whether the presumption has been rebutted, the courts should look at the totality of the evidence (J Evans, etc v Andrea Merzario Ltd). The courts, then, throughout the last century, have developed the doctrine of intention to create legal relations in order to differentiate between arrangements which they consider should be enforced, and those which should not. This has been done by establishing various presumptions which will apply, depend ing on whether the agreement is a domestic, social, or commercial one, unless they can be rebutted. __________________________________________ 2. Problem question There are a number of contractual issues arising in this scenario. Firstly, what is included in the contract which Jack makes with the travel agent? The initial advert promises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"great deals on your weekend breaks or your money backà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. If this is found to be a term incorporated into the contract, Jack and Vera will have redress at the end of their disappointing holiday. Following the case of Bannerman v White, a statement which is merely an incident in preliminary negotiations is not a term of the contract. It must be understood and intended by both parties to be a term of the contract. It seems that the offer of a money back guarantee would be intended to be a term by Great Escapes. The advert, however, would probably not be considered the offer in the contract. Following Partridge v Crittenden, an advertisement is usually considered an invitation to treat as opposed to an offer. This is because it is clear that in an advert, the advertiser does not intend to be bound. The situation might have been different had Jack noticed the advert displayed prominently in a window (of the tour operatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s office). In this situation, following Bowerman v Association of British Travel Agents Ltd, such an advertisement would have been considered an offer to the world. This is significant as it determines what was involved in the contract. If the contract was formed at a later time than Jack à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acceptingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the offer in the newspaper, the money back statement would more likely be considered a representation than a term of the contract. It seems likely in this scenario that the offer was made, not by the tour operators in their advert, but by Jack when he telephoned the travel agent. The upshot of this is that he will not be able to rely on the money back guarantee as a term of the contract, but he may be able to bring a misrepresentation claim if the tour operator refuses to pay back their money. Jillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement that the Raffles Hotel is an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"exclusive hotel that meets all of his requirementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is made over the telephone. It is important to establish at what exact point in the call Jill made her statement. It is significant as it could give Jack another possible cause of action for misrepresentation. It is unclear from the scenario whether Jack relied on Jillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement during negotiations to enter into the contract. If the contract was made and Jill subsequently made the statement, Jack will have no redress on this count (the representee must have relied on the statement following JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks Bloom Co). Even if the statement was made prior to concluding the agreement, Jack may have some trouble relying on it. According to Edgin gton v Fitzmaurice, an actionable misrepresentation is a false statement of an existing fact. In this instance, there may be some doubt that Jillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement was of an existing fact as opposed to an opinion. Following Bissett v Wilkinson, a statement of opinion will not usually be considered a statement of fact. A statement made in this situation, however, must be full and frank, not partial and misleading (Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Dyeing Co). There is no doubt that Jillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s statement is misleading as to the facilities and standard of the Raffles Hotel. On the back of Jackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s receipt, there is a disclaimer by Great Escapes to the effect that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"we cannot be held liable for any disappointment caused by lack of amenities in any of our partner hotelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It is possible that Great Escapes could rely on this clause to escape liability for the lack of an ensuite bathroom and poor views. It seems that Jack wou ld probably be able to defeat this defence, however. Following Parker v South Eastern Railway, an exclusion clause of this sort will be incorporated by giving reasonable notice that the document contained writing. Whether reasonable notice has been given will be a question of fact which is determined objectively. In Thompson v LM S Rly Co, it was held that the defendant had taken reasonable steps to bring the conditions to the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s notice. In this scenario, it will have to be determined objectively whether a condition which is displayed on the back of the receipt constituted reasonable notice. Even if it does, however, the disclaimer will probably not be considered a condition of the contract, as it was not brought to Jackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention prior to concluding the contract. Following Olley v Marlborough Court, the clause must be brought to the other partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention before or at the time of contracting. Jack will probably be able to disregard this disclaimer as not being part of the contract. The fact that Jack contracts food poisoning, probably from the sea food platter in the hotel restaurant, has little bearing on the contract. It is possible they would have a claim for negligence on the part of the hotel chefs, but it would be difficult to prove. If they were successful in this, however, Jack and Vera would also be able to claim damages in the amount of the value of the tickets for the show they had to miss (300 Euros). With regard to the green algae in the hotel pool, it is again possible that Jack and Vera may have a claim in negligence against the hotel rather than the tour operators. The hotel owe a duty of care to their guests, and it would seem they have breached this duty by allowing the pool to become unclean. Again, however, this is a tort rather than a contract issue. Veraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specific ailment resulting from her swim would probably not give the hapless couple a cause of actio n, as the hotel would probably be able to escape liability by relying upon the disclaimer notice displayed prominently above the pool. This notice states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Residents swim at their own riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Again, whether this notice amounted to sufficient notice to escape liability would be an objective test. Such factors as the exact position of the notice (we are told only that it appears on the back wall), the size of the print, and whether it was obscured by anything would all need to be considered. It is likely that a higher degree of notice will be required than usual in this instance, as the term is, perhaps, more unexpected than usual. Following Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, if a term is unusual or unexpected (as this particular one might be regarded), the degree of notice is correspondingly higher. There are, then, a number of possible causes of action available to Jack and Vera upon their return from this disappointing holiday. BIBLIOGAPHY Cases Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571, CA Bannerman v White (1861) 4 LT 740 Bissett v Wilkinson [1926] All ER 343 Bowerman v Association of British Travel Agents Ltd (The Times, November 24, 1995) Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Dyeing Co [1951] 1 All ER 631 Edwards v Skyways Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 349 Edgington v Fitzmaurice [1881 1885] All ER Rep 59 Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1 JEB Fasteners Ltd v Marks Bloom Co [1983] 1 All ER 583 J Evans, etc v Andrea Merzario Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1078 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 Merritt v Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1211 Olley v Marlborough Court [1949] 1 All ER 127 Parker v South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416 Partirdge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 Rose and Frank Co v JR Compton [1925] 2 AC 445 Simpkins v Pays [1955] 1 WLR 975 Tanner v Tanner [1975] 1 WLR 1346 Thompson v LM S Rly Co [1929] All ER 474 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 WLR 585 Secondary sources McKendrick, E., Contract Law (Oxford, 2003) Footnotes [1] McKendrick, E., Contract Law (Oxford, 2003), p296